Cancer
Cancer stands as the second leading cause of mortality in the United States. Among women, breast cancer holds the foremost position, while among men, prostate cancer, second only to lung cancer, accounts for the highest cancer-related deaths. Ongoing research underscores the multifaceted anti-cancer properties of Vitamin E Tocotrienols:
They act as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, neutralizing harmful Free Radicals.
They enhance programmed cell death (Apoptosis) in cancer cells through the stimulation of Caspase-3 pathways.
They inhibit NF-Kappa B, a pivotal pro-inflammatory protein that fosters cancer development.
They induce Apoptosis, prompting self-destruction of cancer cells.
They impede VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), hampering the formation of new blood vessels crucial for cancer nourishment.
They hinder the enzyme responsible for excessive cholesterol production in cancer cells, effectively starving the growing cancer.
Recent studies have unveiled no less than 33 distinct cancer-preventive activities exhibited by Vitamin E Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols. Notably, in the comprehensive "Vitamin E and Cancer Prevention" study spanning 40 pages in the Journal of Molecular Carcinogenesis (2020) by Professor M. Malafa and colleagues, funded by the National Cancer Institute.
Annatto Tocotrienols have demonstrated consistent anti-tumor benefits, impediment of cancer cell proliferation, suppression of metastasis (spread), and enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, particularly in combating resistant and recurrent cancers. These findings are elucidated in the 18-page research paper titled "Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer," published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019).
References
General Cancer
Journal of Integrative Medicine (2024) - Tocotrienol isoforms: The molecular mechanisms underlying their effects in cancer therapy and their implementation in clinical trials
Phytotherapy Research (2024) - Therapeutic potential of tocotrienols as chemosensitizers in cancer therapy
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (2024) - Delta-tocotrienol disrupts PD-L1 glycosylation and reverses PD-L1-mediated immune suppression
Monash University (2023) - Anticancer activities of tocotrienols: A Systematic Scoping Review
Food & Function (2021) - δ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
European Journal of Nutrition (2020) - Vitamin E and cancer: an update on the emerging role of γ and δ tocotrienols
International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019) - Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements
Nutrients (2019) - The Vitamin E Derivative Gamma Tocotrienol Promotes Anti-Tumor Effects in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines
Pharmacological Research (2018) - Tocotrienols: The promising analogues of vitamin E for cancer therapeutics
Breast Cancer
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN (2023) - Chemopreventive and anti-tumor potential of vitamin E in preclinical breast cancer studies: A systematic review
Scientific Reports (2023) - Phase II trial of delta-tocotrienol in neoadjuvant breast cancer with evaluation of treatment response using ctDNA
Current Molecular Pharmacology (2022) - Gamma-Tocotrienol Synergistically Promotes the Anti-proliferative and Pro-apoptotic Effects of Etoposide on Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Antioxidants (2021) - Tocotrienols as an Anti Breast Cancer Agent
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2021) - γ-Tocotrienol reverses multidrug resistance of breast cancer cells through the regulation of the γ-Tocotrienol-NF-κB-P-gp axis
Biomolecules (2019) - Advancing the Role of Gamma-Tocotrienol as Proteasomes Inhibitor: A Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells
Nutrition and Cancer (2019) - γ-Tocotrienol Suppression of the Warburg Effect Is Mediated by AMPK Activation in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Nutrients (2019) - Omega 3-DHA and Delta-Tocotrienol Modulate Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Lipophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: the Impact in Cancer Aggressiveness
International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine (2015) - miR-429 mediates δ-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting XIAP
Colon Cancer
Acta Oncologica (2023) - Delta tocotrienol as a supplement to FOLFOXIRI in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study
Nutrients (2021) - Clinically Relevant Genes and Proteins Modulated by Tocotrienols in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines: Systematic Scoping Review
Cancer Prevention Research (2019) - Chemoprevention of Azoxymethane-induced Colon Carcinogenesis by Delta-Tocotrienol
Cancer Research (2016) - Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol targets human colon cancer stem cells and inhibits colon cancer metastasis and induces apoptosis
Lung Cancer
Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology (2019) - Potentiation of in vitro apoptotic effects of δ-Tocotrienol and Jerantinine A on human lung adenocarcinoma cells
Metabolites (2019) - Delta-Tocotrienol Modulates Glutamine Dependence by Inhibiting ASCT2 and LAT1 Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells: A Metabolomic Approach
OncoTargets & Therapy (2018) - Delta-tocotrienol inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer cell invasion via the inhibition of NF-κB, uPA activator, and MMP-9
Ovarian Cancer
IJPRAS (2024) - A Review of the Effects of Vitamin E in Ovarian Cancer
Cell Proliferation (2021) - δ-Tocotrienol sensitizes and re-sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest and ROS/MAPK-mediated apoptosis
Clarity (2019) - The First-Ever Clinical Trial Using Tocotrienols with Ovarian Cancer Patients, Increased their Survival by Seventy Percent in Refractory Ovarian Cancer
Pharmacological Research (2019) - Delta tocotrienol in recurrent ovarian cancer. A phase II trial
International Journal of Molecular Science (2016) - Tocotrienol Nanoemulsion Platform of Curcumin Elicit Elevated Apoptosis and Augmentation of Anticancer Efficacy against Breast and Ovarian Carcinomas
Pancreatic Cancer
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology (2023) - Vitamin E in the management of pancreatic cancer: A scoping review
Nanomedicine (2021) - Co-Encapsulation of Gemcitabine and Tocotrienols in Nanovesicles Enhanced Efficacy in Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer Cell International (2019) - Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through proteasome-mediated down-regulation of c-FLIPs
BMC Cancer (2018) - γ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by upregulation of ceramide synthesis and modulation of sphingolipid transport
Oncotarget (2017) - δ-Tocotrienol, a natural form of vitamin E, inhibits pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and prevents pancreatic cancer metastasis
Prostate Cancer
Advances in Nutrition (2024) - Different Roles of Natural Forms of Vitamin E in Chemoprevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer
International Journal of Molecular Science (2023) - Necroptosis Induced by Delta-Tocotrienol Overcomes Docetaxel Chemoresistance in Prostate Cancer Cells
Cancer Prevention Research (2022) - δ-Tocotrienol is the Most Potent Vitamin E Form in Inhibiting Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Inhibits Prostate Carcinogenesis in Ptenp−/− Mice
BMC Cancer (2020) - Upregulation of pERK and c-JUN by γ-tocotrienol and not α-tocopherol are essential to the differential effect on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells
Free Radical Biology and Medicine (2020) - Mitochondrial functional and structural impairment is involved in the antitumor activity of δ-tocotrienol in prostate cancer cells
Cell Proliferation (2019) - δ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis, involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, and paraptosis in prostate cancer cells
International Journal of Molecular Science (2019) - Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway
International Institute of Anticancer Research (2018) - Suppressive Effect of Delta-Tocotrienol on Hypoxia Adaptation of Prostate Cancer Stem-like Cells